This bibliography aggregates all citations referenced in the chapters and appendices, plus additional reading useful for working in the field. Organized by topic for the convenience of readers pursuing depth in a specific area. Entries marked [SCINT YYYY] or [NSS-MIC YYYY] are conference papers; entries marked with journal names are peer-reviewed publications; entries marked as standards are official documents from issuing bodies.
[T1] G. F. Knoll, Radiation Detection and Measurement, 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010. The standard reference textbook for the field. Every working radiation-detection engineer owns a copy.
[T2] J. B. Birks, The Theory and Practice of Scintillation Counting. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1964. The classical text on scintillation, still cited regularly for organic scintillators and the Birks formula.
[T3] M. J. Berger and J. H. Hubbell, XCOM: Photon Cross Sections Database, NIST Standard Reference Database 8 (XGAM). https://www.nist.gov/pml/xcom-photon-cross-sections-database. The standard reference for photon attenuation coefficients.
[T4] A. Lecoq, A. Annenkov, A. Gektin, M. Korzhik, and C. Pedrini, Inorganic Scintillators for Detector Systems, 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 2017. Comprehensive coverage of inorganic scintillator materials.
[T5] H. Cember and T. E. Johnson, Introduction to Health Physics, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2017. Standard health physics textbook; covers detection in the operational radiation-protection context.
[T6] M. Nikl and A. Yoshikawa, "Recent R&D trends in inorganic single-crystal scintillator materials for radiation detection," Adv. Opt. Mater., vol. 3, pp. 463-481, 2015. A widely cited review of new scintillator developments.
[T7] T. Yanagida, "Inorganic scintillating materials and scintillation detectors," Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B, vol. 94, pp. 75-97, 2018. Review of recent inorganic scintillator developments with emphasis on Japanese contributions.
[S22-1] H. T. van Dam et al., "SiPM array readout of CsI(Tl) for compact gamma spectroscopy," in Proc. SCINT 2022, Santa Fe, 2022.
[S22-2] J. A. Mares et al., "Comparison of fast scintillators based on transparent ceramic and single crystal forms," in Proc. SCINT 2022, Santa Fe, 2022.
[S22-3] E. V. van Loef et al., "Halide perovskite scintillator developments," in Proc. SCINT 2022, Santa Fe, 2022.
[S22-4] G. Bizarri et al., "Codoped GAGG variants for fast timing applications," in Proc. SCINT 2022, Santa Fe, 2022.
[S24-1] M. Yoshikawa et al., "Cs2HfCl6 single crystal growth and scintillation properties," in Proc. SCINT 2024, Milan, 2024. The headline result of sub-1 percent FWHM at 662 keV in Cs2HfCl6.
[S24-2] M. Mazzillo et al., "Recent advances in NUV-HD SiPM technology," in Proc. SCINT 2024, Milan, 2024.
[S24-3] E. V. van Loef et al., "Scintillation properties of new elpasolite halide scintillators," in Proc. SCINT 2024, Milan, 2024.
[S24-4] T. Yanagida et al., "Transparent ceramic garnet scintillators: progress toward production-quality samples," in Proc. SCINT 2024, Milan, 2024.
[S24-5] L. Soundara-Pandian et al., "Progress in SrI2:Eu crystal growth and detector performance," in Proc. SCINT 2024, Milan, 2024.
[N23-1] M. Kapusta et al., "Properties of CLLBC scintillator: A combined gamma and neutron detector," in Proc. IEEE NSS-MIC 2023, Vancouver, 2023.
[N23-2] J. Glodo et al., "CLLBC: A dual gamma/neutron scintillator for security and defense," IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 70, no. 8, pp. 1845-1852, 2023.
[N23-3] M. Kapusta et al., "Optimization of SiPM array readout for CsI(Tl) in handheld instruments," in Proc. IEEE NSS-MIC 2023, Vancouver, 2023.
[N23-4] A. Bornheim et al., "Fast timing detectors for the high-luminosity LHC," in Proc. IEEE NSS-MIC 2023, Vancouver, 2023.
[N24-1] J. Iwanowska-Hanke et al., "Radiation hardness of CLYC and CeBr3 under high-flux 14 MeV neutron irradiation," in Proc. IEEE NSS-MIC 2024, Tampa, 2024.
[N24-2] H.-J. Kim et al., "Improved energy resolution of Cs2HfCl6 by SiPM readout," in Proc. IEEE NSS-MIC 2024, Tampa, 2024.
[N24-3] J. Hellma, "Temperature dependence of SiPM gain and breakdown voltage," in Proc. IEEE NSS-MIC 2024, Tampa, 2024.
[N24-4] K. K. Loh et al., "Compact CsI(Tl) plus SiPM gamma spectrometer with digital pulse processing," IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 71, pp. 234-241, 2024.
[N25-1] Several presentations at NSS-MIC 2025 on SMR instrumentation, microreactor radiation safety, AI datacenter co-location instrumentation, and post-Fukushima environmental monitoring evolution. Specific citations to be added when the proceedings are published.
[F1] R. Hofstadter, "Alkali halide scintillation counters," Phys. Rev., vol. 74, pp. 100-101, 1948. The discovery of NaI(Tl) as a gamma scintillator. Hofstadter's contribution to the field.
[F2] H. Kallmann and M. Furst, "Fluorescence of solutions bombarded with high energy radiation," Phys. Rev., vol. 79, pp. 857-870, 1950. Early work on liquid scintillators.
[F3] J. B. Birks, "Scintillations from organic crystals: specific fluorescence and relative response to different radiations," Proc. Phys. Soc. A, vol. 64, pp. 874-877, 1951. The Birks formula.
[F4] W. Mengesha, T. D. Taulbee, B. D. Rooney, and J. D. Valentine, "Light yield nonproportionality of CsI(Tl), CsI(Na), and YAP," IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 456-461, 1998. The non-proportionality measurements that became the standard reference data.
[F5] K. Kamada et al., "Composition engineering in cerium-doped (Lu,Gd)3(Ga,Al)5O12 single-crystal scintillators," Cryst. Growth Des., vol. 11, pp. 4484-4490, 2011. Foundational paper on the GAGG family.
[F6] M. T. Lucchini et al., "Co-doping of GAGG with Mg for improved scintillation timing," Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, vol. 816, pp. 176-183, 2016.
[F7] B. P. Kang et al., "Crystal growth and scintillation properties of Cs2HfCl6," J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 593, p. 126773, 2022.
[P1] M. Mazzillo et al., "Silicon photomultiplier technology at STMicroelectronics," IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 2434-2442, 2009.
[P2] N. Otte et al., "Characterization of three high-efficiency and blue-sensitive silicon photomultipliers," Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, vol. 846, pp. 106-125, 2017.
[P3] T. Frach et al., "The digital silicon photomultiplier: principle of operation and intrinsic detector performance," in IEEE NSS-MIC Conf. Rec., 2009, pp. 1959-1965.
[P4] M. Akatsu et al., "MCP-PMT timing property for single photons," Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, vol. 528, pp. 763-775, 2004.
[P5] Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Photomultiplier Tubes: Basics and Applications, 4th ed. Hamamatsu, Japan: Hamamatsu Photonics, 2017. The standard PMT reference manual.
[P6] SensL (now ON Semiconductor), Introduction to SiPM Technical Note, white paper, updated annually.
[E1] V. T. Jordanov and G. F. Knoll, "Digital synthesis of pulse shapes in real time for high resolution radiation spectroscopy," Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, vol. 345, pp. 337-345, 1994.
[E2] V. T. Jordanov, "Real time digital pulse shaper with variable weighting function," Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, vol. 505, pp. 347-351, 2003.
[E3] CAEN S.p.A., "Digital Pulse Processing for Physics and Industrial Applications," white paper, 2024.
[E4] Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation, "Multichannel Analyzer Product Family Documentation," 2025.
[Nu1] R. T. Kouzes, "The 3He supply problem," PNNL-18388, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Apr. 2009.
[Nu2] R. T. Kouzes et al., "Neutron detection alternatives to 3He for national security applications," Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, vol. 623, pp. 1035-1045, 2010.
[Nu3] N. Zaitseva et al., "Plastic scintillators with efficient neutron/gamma pulse shape discrimination," Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, vol. 668, pp. 88-93, 2012.
[Nu4] J. Glodo et al., "Selected properties of Cs2LiYCl6, Cs2LiLaCl6, and Cs2LiLaBr6 scintillators," IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 333-338, 2011.
[Std1] American National Standards Institute, ANSI N42.34 - American National Standard Performance Criteria for Hand-held Instruments for the Detection and Identification of Radionuclides, 2015 and updates.
[Std2] American National Standards Institute, ANSI N42.35 - American National Standard for Evaluation and Performance of Radiation Detection Portal Monitors for Use in Homeland Security, 2016 and updates.
[Std3] American National Standards Institute, ANSI N42.42 - Data Format Standard for Radiation Detectors Used for Homeland Security, 2020.
[Std4] International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC 61577-1: Radiation protection instrumentation - Radon and radon decay product measuring instruments - Part 1: General principles, 2014.
[Std5] International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC 61526: Radiation protection instrumentation - Measurement of personal dose equivalents Hp(10) and Hp(0,07) for X, gamma, neutron and beta radiations, 2010.
[Std6] US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 10 CFR Part 20: Standards for Protection Against Radiation, current edition.
[Std7] US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Regulatory Guide 1.97: Criteria for Accident Monitoring Instrumentation for Nuclear Power Plants, current edition.
[Std8] International Atomic Energy Agency, GSR Part 3: Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards, 2014.
[M1] S. Vandenberghe et al., "Recent developments in time-of-flight PET," EJNMMI Phys., vol. 7, p. 35, 2020.
[M2] D. R. Schaart, "Physics and technology of time-of-flight PET detectors," Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 66, no. 9, 09TR01, 2021.
[Fu1] L. Bardelli et al., "LaBr3:Ce gamma spectrometers for fusion plasma diagnostics," IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 758-765, 2022.
[Fu2] R. M. Margevicius et al., "ITER tritium accountancy and process monitoring strategy," Fusion Eng. Des., vol. 191, p. 113756, 2023.
[H1] CMS Collaboration, "Performance of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter and its evolution after irradiation," JINST, vol. 16, P05014, 2021.
[R1] US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "Final Safety Evaluation Report: NuScale Power Module Standard Design Approval Application," NRC ADAMS Accession No. ML20023A000, 2023.
[R2] International Atomic Energy Agency, "Advances in Small Modular Reactor Technology Developments," IAEA Booklet, Vienna, 2024 update.
[R3] World Nuclear Association, "Plans for New Reactors Worldwide," updated 2025.
[Sp1] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "Fission Surface Power Project: Phase 1 Design Reference Architecture," NASA TM-2023-220XXX, 2023.
[Sp2] M. Hutchinson et al., "TRISO fuel development for advanced reactors," in Proc. Topical Meeting on Advanced Reactors, ANS, 2024.
For readers wanting to go deeper:
The literature is large and growing. The strategy that has worked for working engineers is to read regularly in two or three focused areas, attend one major conference annually, and rely on the rest as reference material consulted when specific questions arise.
This concludes the second edition of The Nuts and Bolts (and Crystals) of Scintillator Technology. The first edition was authored by Paul Schotanus of Scionix Holland B.V. in 2023. This second edition was authored by David Brown of Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation, building on Paul's foundational work, in 2026. Both editions reflect the partnership between Berkeley Nucleonics and Scionix that has supplied the practical engineering experience the books are built on.
The field will keep changing. The next edition, when it is needed, will document the changes that have not happened yet.